Author Meg McKenna speaking at a Ted event in 2015
Maryn McKenna is a science writer and investigative journalist. Her award-winning book Big Chicken tells the story of how antibiotics came to be used as growth enhancing drugs, making animals grow faster. The practice began with chicken and spread to the pork and cattle industries. Big Chicken connects the dots between a thrilling and unexpected discovery by a young livestock scientist in 1948 to the current growing consensus, among consumers and poultry producers, that antibiotic use on farms has gotten way out of hand.
These dangers include antibiotic resistance in bacteria, like salmonella, that also infect humans. This fear boiled over into reality in 2013, with the appearance of several gruesome infections that were traced to antibiotic use in livestock. Antibiotics also impact chicken welfare, because in addition to expediting growth they also prevent disease in conditions that otherwise would have killed them. Dialing back antibiotics involves creating healthy living conditions for chickens, which is good for the birds and the people who eat them.
I recently spoke with McKenna about her book, and she was kind enough to offer a chicken recipe as well, because everybody wants to eat chicken. And we are going to eat chicken. And that is why this book is so important.
Why is everyone so into chicken?
Chicken is the meat we eat more than any other in America, and is becoming the most eaten meat on the planet. Compared to other meat, it's relatively low-resource to produce. You don't need the land or forage or water that you do for a cow. So chicken is becoming the dominant meat of the world, in both developing nations and the U.S.
Nowadays nearly every fast food chain has a chicken sandwich alongside its hamburgers. That kind of demand pressure which drove the fast expansion of the poultry industry over decades, and in an interesting converse of that, it's that same demand pressure that has driven some of the recent changes around antibiotics. Consumers have such power. They want to eat chicken, but an increasing number of consumers and institutional buyers have said to the chicken producers that “we want meat that's raised without antibiotic use,” and there was such a potential market being expressed there that the companies have changed their practices.
One of the many surprises in your book was to see an industrial chicken farm, Purdue, being such a leader in the industry's pivot away from antibiotic use. Can you summarize that and also fill us in on what has happened since your book came out?
The book came out a year ago, but the narrative ended in the fall of 2016, which was the point at which I had to send the book off to the printers. So it's partly described in the book, but things have moved on since.
As journalists, we are always meant to be suspicious of corporations, and to assume that they are acting in their own best interests at all times, because that's what makes money and that's what corporations are for, is to realize profit. I was in an odd position, as I wrote this book, realizing that in the last section Purdue was going to be one of the heroes in this story. Because they really did step out on their own and make this change that influenced the entire industry. I was not expecting a company to do that.
When Purdue started out on this project of going antibiotic free, in order to shore up their birds' immune systems they started doing things like purifying their diets and giving them more space, and giving them light by paying farmers to cut windows into the walls of their barns, which is an unheard of thing in the American poultry industry.
Because of that they were led into conversation with animal advocates. And those discussions led them toward wanting to make a further change that they thought would improve meat quality: raising chickens that had been bred to grow more slowly 56-60 instead of 42-47 days.
This means their bodies will be a little less stressed as they grow. Previously the birds' musculature grew so fast that it was actually a strain on their bones and tendons. There are studies to suggest that conventional chickens are in pain from being distorted like that as they grow.
Here is McKenna's recipe for the slow grown, antibiotic-free lemon chicken for which Parisians in her old neighborhood would cue up, in a line that circled around the market. It's a simple recipe; with good chicken that's all you need.
Poulet Crapaudine
Maryn McKenna (condensed and paraphrased by Ari LeVaux)
Materials
1 antibiotic-free chicken, preferably slow-grown, 3-4 lb (retain back bone and giblits)
½ lemon, in wedges
2 tablespoon each thyme and marjoram
Fresh-ground pepper
Kosher salt
Olive oil
Kitchen shears that can cut through bone
Baking pan
Cooking thermometer
Potatoes and other roots (optional)
Method
Remove chicken from the fridge at least a half hour prior to cooking. Mix the herbs with 2 tablespoons olive oil. Let that sit while you prep the chicken.
Preheat the oven to 400 F.
Spatchcock the chicken, i.e., split it in half by cutting out the backbone. Using cooking scissors, cut the ribs on both sides of the backbone, from the shoulder blades to the "Pope's Nose."
Zest two lemon wedges over both sides of the chicken and then squeeze them over both sides of the prepped bird, using the cut faces to rub in the juice.
Spoon the herbed oil onto the bird. Rub it in with your hands, on both sides, carefully, taking care not to hurt yourself on the cut bones.
Sprinkle each side with a few pinches of salt. Add a few pinches more if you are cooking with roots.
Spread the spatchcocked chicken on a baking pan, atop the gizzards and backbone and surrounded by cut roots if using. Bake until the flesh reaches 165 degrees where the leg bone connects to the body, where it is most likely to be undercooked, about 1-2 inches in. It should take about 45-60 minutes to get there. Done properly, the skin "shatters like mica," McKenna notes. Remove the pan from the oven and rest 5-10 minutes before serving.
